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Test
Bank Chapter 2
Multiple-Choice
Questions
1. __________
is not a “level of analysis?”
a. An
individual
b. The
community
c. The
state
d. The
system
Ans: d
2. Individual-level
analysis studies the decision-making process of people in all of these aspects except
a. as a species.
b. in groups.
c. by ethnicity.
d. idiosyncratically.
Ans: c
3. “Bounded
rationality” gets its name because it recognizes that
a. that
there is no irrationality in cognitive decision making.
b. that cognition is more important than emotion in
decision-making processes.
c. that there are internal and external boundaries that limit
what a decision maker knows.
d. bureaucracy is important in the decision making process.
Ans: c
4. Cognitive consistency refers to
a. discounting
ideas and information that contradict existing views.
b. making
decisions the same way they were made in the past.
c. assuming
that things will work out for the best.
d. believing
that current events are comparable to past events.
Ans: a
5. Saddam
Hussein employed the __________ mental strategy in 2003 in arguing that Iraq would be able to repel a U.S.
a. wishful
thinking
b. stereotyping
c. sacrificing
d. cognitive
consistency
Ans: a
6. A
Mental shortcut that helps one make decisions more
easily by allowing her or him to skip the effort of gathering considerable
information and analyzing it thoroughly are known as
a. stereotypes.
b. heuristic devices.
c. groupthink.
d. wishful
thinking.
Ans: b
7. Making decisions by drawing comparisons between new situations
and past situations is the use of
a. stereotypes.
b. analogies.
c. cognitive consistency.
d. groupthink.
Ans: b
8. The “Munich
a. political weakening of Munich
b. appeasement of Hitler by France
and Great Britain
c. dissatisfaction Germany
d. overextension of the Roman Empire as it struggled to conquer
what is today southern Germany
Ans: b
9. __________
would not be considered a “biological” explanation for imperfect rationality in
foreign policy.
a. Gender
b. Instinct
c. Innate
emotional responses
d. Territoriality
Ans: a
10. Which
biological trait has been linked to causes of war?
a. the
fight or flight response
b. physical
differences in appearance
c. territoriality
d. the
need to protect one’s offspring
Ans: c
11. The public support that President Bush
received for the use of military force to fight terrorism following the
September 11 attacks is known as a
a. crisis response.
b. rally effect.
c. leader-citizen opinion gap.
d. state-level response.
Ans: b
12. Evidence
of gender differences related to foreign policy can be seen in
a. groupthink.
b. perceptions.
c. gender
stereotypes.
d. the
gender opinion gap.
Ans: d
13. When
it comes to war, research shows that
a. men
and women have an unfavorable view of war.
b. women
hold a more favorable view of war than men hold.
c. men
and women hold a favorable view of war.
d. men
hold a more favorable view of war than women hold.
Ans: d
14. Each
of the following is an important factor related to the operation of political
systems except
a. norms.
b. economic
realities.
c. election
structure.
d. power
relationships.
Ans: c
15. Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger described the foreign
policy making process as
a. a calm, cerebral process.
b. a clash of ideas and a test of political power.
c. an irrational unintelligible mess.
d. a tough but orderly debate between important actors.
Ans: c
16. __________ assumes that individuals make foreign policy decisions
and different individuals are likely to make different decisions.
a. Structural analysis
b. Idiosyncratic analysis
c. Bipolar analysis
d. None of the above is correct.
Ans: b
17. How
an individual acts in a given situation, based on a combination of one’s
understanding of the nature of politics and fundamental worldview is called
a(n)
a. operational bias.
b. operational
code.
c. optimistic bias.
d. None of the above is correct.
Ans: b
18. A state governed by authoritarian rule that severely restricts
human rights and sponsors or condones terrorism may be called a(n)
a. rogue state
b. antagonistic state
c. non-compliant state
d. All the above are correct
Ans: a
19. Operational code analysis allows diplomats to assess how a
leader’s propensities for choosing __________ can help diplomats understand the
leader’s decisions and actions.
a. rewards
b. threats
c. force
d. All
the above are correct.
Ans: d
20. Thinking
about the ability of the state to control information flow is an example of
a. system-level
analysis.
b. individual-level
analysis.
c. state-level
analysis.
d. None
of the above are correct.
Ans: c
21. The
idiosyncratic analysis
a. places
an emphasis on groupthink.
b. assumes
that all leaders will react in the same way to certain situations.
c. assumes
that different leaders will react differently to similar situations.
d. emphasizes
the effect of role on individual behavior.
Ans: c
Page: 62
22. Barber’s
__________ personality type
describes President Clinton.
a. active-negative
b. active-positive
c. passive-negative
d. passive-positive
Ans: b
23. Negative
personality types are prone to see opponents as
a. enemies.
b. potential allies.
c. irrelevant
d. weak.
Ans: a
24. Bill
Clinton is a prime example of
a. active-negative personality.
b. active-positive personality.
c. passive-positive personality.
d. passive-negative
personality.
Ans: b
25. The
more active a leader is in seeking and using power, the
a. criticism
s/he is likely to encounter.
b. more
popular support s/he is likely to receive.
c. less
popular support s/he is likely to receive.
d. more
criticism s/he is likely to encounter.
Ans: d
26. The
use of military, economic, diplomatic, and ideational tools by in the pursuit
of foreign policy interests and objectives is called
a. diplomacy.
b. statecraft.
c. strategic planning.
d. None of the above is correct.
Ans: b
27. The
type of government prevailing in a given society is labeled as a
a. state-level analysis.
b. regime type.
c. authoritarian regime.
d. None of the above is correct.
Ans: b
28. An
authoritarian government is more likely than a democratic government to have
a. foreign policy centered in a narrow segment of the
government.
b. more open input from legislators, the media, and public
opinion.
c. more foreign policies.
d. more issue areas.
Ans: a
29. In public opinion
research, the issues or questions that “matter” more to people are called
a. hot button issues.
b. kitchen-table issues
c. salient issues.
d. None of the above is
correct.
Ans: c
30. During
a crisis situation, public support of a leader tends to
a. depend
on how the public views the leader’s decisions.
b. increase
regardless of political party affiliation.
c. decrease
regardless of political party affiliation.
d. remain
split by political party affiliation.
Ans: b
31. In a _____, the administrative
structure will continues even when political leaders change.
a. system-level analysis
b. bureaucracy
c. government
d. None of the above is correct.
Ans: b
32. The tendency of individuals to hold
fast to prevailing views of the world, and to discount contradictory ideas and
information in the process is called
a. psychological balance.
b. cognitive distress.
c. cognitive consistency.
d. None of the above is correct.
Ans: c
33. The American belief that American society is in some way
superior is known as
a. American Exceptionalism.
b. Arrogant Americanism.
c. Sinocentrism.
d. Missonaryism.
Ans: a
34. Optimistic bias is the psychological tendency of individuals –
particularly those in positions of power –to
a. underrate their own potential for success and underrate their
own potential for failure.
b. overrate their own potential for success and overrate their
own potential for failure.
c. overrate their own potential for success and underrate their
own potential for failure.
d. None of the above is correct.
Ans: c
35. The Chinese belief that China
a. Shiism.
b. Sinocentrism.
c. Absolutism.
d. Maoism.
Ans: b
36. Stereotypes
are one type of
a. cognitive dissonance.
b. worldview.
c. heuristic device.
d. None of the above is correct.
Ans: c
37. A psychological state in which an individual attempts to
process information that contradicts their prevailing understanding of a
subject is called
a. cognitive stress
b. conflict
c. cognitive dissonance.
d. None of the above is correct.
Ans: c
38. A prevailing belief that appeasement must be avoided at all costs
is called the
a. Paris
b. Munich
c. London
d. None of the above is correct.
Ans: b
39. System-level
analysis adopts a
a. “top-down”
approach to studying world politics.
b. “bottom-up”
approach to studying world politics.
c. subjective
approach to studying world politics.
d. normative
approach to studying world politics.
Ans: a
40. Frustration-aggression theory states that
a. frustrated societies have more higher crime
rates.
b. frustrated societies sometimes become less aggressive.
c. frustrated societies sometimes become collectively
aggressive.
d. None
of the above is correct.
Ans: c
41. Overrating
personality and disposition and underrating situational or contextual factors
when explaining the observed behavior of others is called
a. fundamental
attribution error.
b. correspondence
bias.
c. disproportionate
weighting.
d. a
and b are correct.
Ans: d
42. The
traditional concept of sovereignty means that states
a. must
conform to international behavior.
b. answer
to the U.N. over domestic behavior.
c. have the
sole right to govern its people and territory.
d. have the
authority to rule by anarchy.
Ans: c
43. An anarchic system means that states have
a. international authorities to settle disputes.
b. broken away from the world government created after World War I.
c. no overarching authority to make rules, settle disputes, and provide protection.
d. autonomy, but report
to sovereign organizations like the United Nations, International Monetary
Fund, and International Criminal Court.
Ans: c
44. In 2006,
the World Trade Organization (WTO) ruled in favor of a U.S.
a. anarchical nature of the international
system.
b. increasingly
horizontal authority structure.
c. increase
of sovereignty.
d. decline
of sovereignty.
Ans: d
45. By-products
of fundamental attribution error include a
a. tendency
to perceive opponents as more threatening than they are.
b. tendency
to perceive the behavior of others as more planned and coordinated than ours.
c. difficulty
in understanding others’ perceptions.
d. All the
above are correct.
Ans: a
46. Because
of economic interdependence
a. countries
no longer need to trade.
b. weak
countries are becoming dependent on strong countries.
c. even
strong countries are dependent upon trade.
d. the
frequency of international interactions is decreasing.
Ans: c
47. Increased
interdependence has been advanced by all of the following except.
a. financial interactions.
b. modern telecommunications.
c. increased foreign travel.
d. increased international conflict.
Ans: d
48. __________ would not be a pole in an
international system?
a. A single powerful state
b. An
alliance of states
c. A
global or regional IGO
d. Two powerful and competitive countries
Ans: d
49. How
many poles would be present if a world government governed the international
system?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four or more
Ans: a
50. Cold
war hostility between the USSR
and the United States
a. unipolar system.
b. bipolar system.
c. tripolar system.
d. multipolar system.
Ans: b
51. Some
scholars believe that the number of power poles in existence at any one time
a. does
not significantly affect the international system.
b. helps
determine how the market is likely to act.
c. helps
determine how countries are likely to act.
d. helps predict environmental policy.
Ans: c
52. Some scholars believe that a unipolar
system will be peaceful only if
a.
the hegemonic power acts like a hegemonic power.
b.
all countries disarm.
c.
a policy of free trade exists.
d. a policy of fair trade exists
Ans: a
53. The
rules of the game in a unipolar system suggest
a.
that lesser powers never try to escape dominance.
b. that
lesser powers try to escape dominance.
c.
the greater power may gradually attempt to lessen or eliminate the autonomy of
the lesser powers.
d. b and c are correct.
Ans: d
54. The
power and influence of individuals in world politics is the worldview and __________
of influential leaders.
a. position
b. operational
code
c. strategy
d. All
the above are correct.
Ans: b
55. __________
emphasizes the characteristics of states and how they make foreign policy
choices and implement them.
a. State-level analysis
b. Individual-level
analysis
c. System-level
analysis.
d. None of the above is correct.
Ans: a
56. If the United States
were to impose tariff hikes and other sanctions on Beijing ,
both the Chinese and the U.S.
a. a two-level game.
b. norms.
c. state
analysis.
d. interdependence.
Ans: d
57. At
the systemic level, considerations of powerful actors in the system, as well as
__________ heavily influence the practice of global politics at any point in
time.
a. rituals
and functions.
b. context
and personality.
c. dominant norms and ideas.
d. None of the above is correct.
Ans: c
58. A __________ describes a single country with complete global
hegemony or preponderant power.
a. unipolar system
b. bipolar system
c. polar
system
d. None of the above is correct.
Ans: a
59. Norms exert __________ in the international system.
a. little power
b. variable power
c. significant constraint on state behavior
d. a universally accepted set of rules
Ans: c
60. __________ likely kept the United
States from using nuclear weapons in Iraq
a. Norms
b. Groupthink
c. Biopolitics
d. Ethology
Ans: a
True/False
Questions
61. A
stereotype is a type of heuristic device.
Ans: T
62. Territorial disputes between neighboring
countries are a common cause of war.
Ans: T
63. Women and men differ in their attitudes toward the use of
military force.
Ans: T
64. There
is a possibility that some differences in political behavior are related to
gender.
Ans: T
65. The
worst combination of personality types for a leader is passive-negative.
Ans: F
66. Domestic
factors cannot, by definition, play a role in determining the shape of the international system.
Ans: F
67. State-level analysis is mostly concerned
with how the international system affects states.
Ans: F
68. Authoritarian governments are more likely to control foreign
policy from within a small group of people.
Ans: T
69. The international system would best be characterized as having
a “horizontal authority structure.”
Ans: T
70. Public opinion can act as a constraint on the policy-making
power of the chief executive.
Ans: T
71. A
system-level analyst would argue that a system operates with a degree of
regularity based on structural characteristics.
Ans: T
Page: 69-70
72. The
current system can be described as a state-centric system.
Ans: T
73. The United States
Ans: T
74. Bipolar
systems are characterized by acute hostility between poles.
Ans: T
75.
Values and norms are becoming less important to international conduct and are
growing more disparate.
Ans: F
Short Answer Questions
76. List the three levels of analysis.
Ans: Individual-level,
state-level, and system-level
77. List three ways of coping with cognitive limits.
Ans: Seeking
cognitive consistency; relying on wishful thinking; using heuristic devices
78. Name
two ways in which gender might affect international relations.
Ans: Gender
opinion gap, female leaders and fewer incidents of conflict
79. Name two presidents of the U.S.
Ans: Richard
M. Nixon; Lyndon B. Johnson
80. List some tendencies
of active-negative personalities.
Ans: Symptoms of delusion; striking out at
enemies; bunker mentalities
81. Name
the five basic personal characteristics that can influence individual decision
makers.
Ans: Personality, physical and mental health,
ego and ambition, political history and personal experiences, and perceptions
82. What
are the main foci for state-level analysts?
Ans: State-level analysts emphasize national states and their internal processes as the primary
determinants of world affairs; they
emphasize the characteristics of states and how they make foreign policy
choices and implement them.
83. List
characteristics of a rogue state.
Ans: Governed
by authoritarian rule; restricts human rights; sponsors or condones terrorism;
seeks to obtain or promote the spread of weapons of mass destruction.
84. List two reasons why President Bush received overwhelming support to fight terrorism
Ans: The nation was faced with a crisis situation; the rally effect led to increased public support; the
legislature displayed a unified front.
85. Outline
the differences in foreign policy decision making between authoritarian and
democratic governments.
Ans: In authoritarian states foreign policy is
centered in a narrow segment of the government. Democracies have more inputs
for many aspects of society, (legislatures, interest groups and bureaucracies.)
86. Name
three of the system level characteristics that determine how systems operate.
Ans: Power
relationships, economic realities, norms, and structural characteristics
87. Define
the difference between a vertical authority structure and a horizontal
authority structure. Provide an example
of each.
Ans: Vertical: subordinate
units are substantially regulated by higher levels of authority (e.g. the classroom). Horizontal: a system with
only a few or no higher authorities and power is fragmented (e.g. the international system).
88. Why
is the international system considered a state-centric system?
Ans: The
international system has a horizontal authority structure based on the
sovereignty of states. No
overarching authority exists above the states.
89. Define
what is meant by “power pole.” List two
types of actors that can be power poles.
Ans: An actor that has considerable
strength in the international system and plays a role in determining the rules
and operation of the system. Types include 1) a single country or empire, 2) an
alliance, 3) a global IGO, and 4) a regional IGO.
90. Name
two economic realities that help shape the behavior of the international
system, and provide an example of how each has affected international politics.
Ans: Level of
economic interdependence (U.S.
policy toward China ); where
natural resources are produced and consumed (United States and others acting to
protect Kuwait
Essay
Questions
91. Explain what is meant by the individual level of analysis in world politics. What international
phenomena does this level help us to understand? Include examples of
circumstances or events that are most appropriately addressed at the individual
level.
Ans: The
answer should focus on distinguishing the individual level of analysis, mentioning all three
approaches discussed in the text. It should also discuss the utility of the individual level when state- or system-level analysis cannot help explain the behavior.
92. What are heuristic devices and why are they used? In your answer be sure to give examples of
such devices as they are used in politics today.
Ans: Heuristic devices are one tool that humans use to deal with
their cognitive limitations. More specifically, these are mental shortcuts that
help us make decisions more easily by allowing us to skip the effort of
gathering considerable information and analyzing it thoroughly. Two examples of
heuristics devices are stereotypes and analogies. Since September 11, 2001,
Islam has been stereotypically (and inaccurately) linked to terrorism. We have
also heard recent analogies analyzing the war in Iraq
as another Vietnam. Students
may mention the Munich
93. Discuss whether President George W. Bush was active-positive
or positive-passive.
Ans: One assessment is an active–positive
personality who like the job, showed energy, and focused on issues; the other
assessment is positive-passive who showed energy, like the job, but delegated
authority to members of his administration
94. Describe
the characteristics of individual leaders that can influence their behavior and
decisions.
Ans: The answer should discuss personality,
physical and mental health, ego and ambition, sense of political history and
personal experiences, and perceptions. A strong answer will provide illustrations based on
actual leaders.
95. Discuss
the nature of state-level analysis.
Ans: The answer should emphasize the primacy
of the state and the role of its subnational actors. It also should describe the influence of regime type,
domestic factors, gender,
and the type of situation and issue.
96. How does a country’s political culture influence the foreign policy
decisions of that state?
Ans: Each country’s
foreign policy tends to reflect its political culture. This concept represents
a society’s widely held, traditional values that reflect a national historical
experience and national belief system. Leaders tend to formulate policies that
are compatible with their society’s political culture because the leaders share
many or all of those values. Even if they do not share a particular value,
leaders want to avoid the backlash that adopting policies counter to the
political culture might cause. To analyze any country’s political culture, you
would look into such things as how a people feel about themselves and their
country, how they view others, what role they think their country should play
in the world, and what they see as moral behavior.
97. Describe how the type
of issue area determine the constrains faced by political executives
Ans: The answer should argue that some issues
draw very little public attention and have few interest groups that would be
concerned with the policy. Thus, when no domestic actors are concerned with the
policy a leader has greater ability to shape a policy. A good answer will
include references to intermestic policies and will give examples.
98. Describe the nature of system-level
analysis. In your answer,
compare system-level analysis with other levels of analysis, including a discussion of the
advantages and disadvantages of examining international political phenomena
from the system level.
Ans: The answer should discuss a system as a set of
interacting parts and should describe the important components of systems, such
as actors and power distribution. Advantages of system-level analysis include prediction and the “big picture”
viewpoint, but often with the loss of detail and insight that comes from individual- and
state-levels of analysis.
99. Discuss the
position of the United States
Ans: A good
answer will describe the hegemonic position and address both sides of the
debate, citing reasons that the unipolar system may lead to more violence or
will have consequent positive effects.
100. Why are
norms an important feature of the international system? Do they remain constant over time?
Ans: Norms are standards and/or values that help to define moral,
ethical, and socially appropriate behavior in a given society. They are the
unwritten rules of human interaction at all levels, personally, nationally, and
even globally, and they often are backed by international treaties and
conventions, and such internationally backed norms become important in anarchic
systems. In this sense, norms help to create some degree of predictability
in the system. Norms, however, are not static and can change. Many non-Western
countries, for instance, are challenging some of the current norms of the system,
most of which are rooted in Western culture. Some currently challenged
concepts, for example, include the “Western” notion of democracy and human
rights.
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